PLUS-M™ Instrument Translations

PLUS-M™ instruments were originally developed in English (US). Available translations of PLUS-M™ instruments and/or the PLUS-M™ Users Gulide may be downloaded below:

• Rigorous methodology for translation of instruments is recommended prior to their use with non-English speakers. The translation process should follow established guidelines for patient reported outcome (PRO) instrument translation and  include both forward and backward (reverse) translation of instructions, items, and response options by independent translators; review by bilingual experts; reconciliation of translations; and cognitive testing of the translated instruments, as described by Eremenco et al., 2005 or Reeve et al., 2013. Translations of PLUS-M™ instruments or the PLUS-M™ Users Guide may be undertaken with permission of the PLUS-M™ developers.
  
  
• In cases where full translation methodology is not feasible, informal translations may be considered. Informal translations will require translation by at least one bilingual researcher, clinician, or other health care provider who has experience with the target population (i.e., persons with lower limb loss/amputation). PLUS-M™ developers will also require the translator(s) to verify and/or reconcile informal translations with at least one independent bilingual speaker before posting the translated materials. As informal PLUS-M™ instrument translations have not undergone full review or psychometric testing, interpretation of PLUS-M™ T-Scores derived from informal translations should be made with caution. Informal translations may only be undertaken with permission of the PLUS-M™ developers.

Individuals or organizations interested in translations of PLUS-M™ instruments or the PLUS-M™ Users Guide should contact the developers at info@plus-m.org.

PLUS-M Translations
Language	Informal translations			Formal translations					Additional testing
	Single forward translation	Independent verification	Developer review	Two forward translations	Review and reconciliation	Back-translation	Expert review	Developer review	Cognitive interviews	Large-scale testing	Validation testing
German	●	●	●
Swedish	●	●	●
UK English	●	●	●
Farsi				●	●	●	●	●		●	○
Spanish				●	●	●	●	●	○
Norwegian				●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
French Canadian	●	●	●
Swahili	●	●	●
French	●	●	●			●	●	●			●
Castilian Spanish	●	●	●
Bangla				●	●	●	●	●	○
Russian	●	●	●
Japanese				●	●	●	●	●	●
Brazilian Portuguese	●	●	●	●	●	●		●
Croatian	●	●	●
Arabic	●	●	●
Tamil	●	●	●
Turkish				●	●	●	●	●			●
Nepali				●	●	●	●	●	●		●
● = completed ; ○ = in progress

GERMAN (INFORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION AND VERIFICATION: Goeran Fiedler, PhD and Andreas Kannenberg, MD, PhD

 

SWEDISH (INFORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION AND VERIFICATION: Kerstin Hagberg, PT, PhD and Nerrolyn Ramstrand, PhD

 

UK ENGLISH (INFORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION AND VERIFICATION: Shreshth Dharm-Datta MB ChB MSc MRCS MFSEM RAF and Kate Sherman, PT

 

FARSI (INFORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION AND VERIFICATION: Maryam Jalali, PhD; Tahmine Rezaeia; and Parviz Mojgani, MD

 

SPANISH (FORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION , REVIEW, AND REVISION: Sheila Clemens, PT, MPT, PhD; Hector Cabezas, PT, DPT; Pamela Sena, PT; Ana Rodriguez, OTD, MS, OTR/L; Elsa Drevyn, PT, DPT; Martha Bloyer, PT, DPT; Anna Tischenko, PT, PhD; Rachel Prusynski, PT, DPT, NCS.

 

NORWEGIAN (FORMAL TRANSLATION*)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION , REVIEW, AND REVISION: Linn Schwanborg, CPO, Inger Marie Starholm MSc, CPO, and Terje Gjovaag, PhD

 

FRENCH CANADIAN (INFORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION AND VERIFICATION: Andrée-Anne Fortin CP(c) and Catherine Vallée CP(c)

SWAHILI (INFORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION AND VERIFICATION: Leah Alex Mamseri, PO; Edmund M. Eliezer, MD; and Billy Thomson Haonga, MD (Funded by the DKM foundation, Canada; PI: Jan Andrysek, PhD, PEng)

FRENCH (INFORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION AND VALIDATIION TESTING: Claire Navel and Anne-Cecile Debrach (Review and revision by: Christos Karatzios, MD; Isabelle Loiret, MD; François Luthi, MER; and Charles Benaim, MD, PhD; Back-translation by: Laurence Garey, MA, DPhil, BM, BCh)

CASTILIAN SPANISH (INFORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION AND VERIFICATION: Luis Guirao Cano, MD, PhD and Beatriz Samitier, MD, PhD

 

BANGLA (FORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION , REVIEW, AND REVISION: Mahmudul Hassan Al Imam, BSPT, MPH; Zahid Hossain, BSPT, MRS; Noor Jahan Akhtar, BSPT, MRS; Sohrab Hossain, BSPT, MPH, PhD Candidate *FORMAL BANGLA TRANSLATION INCLUDED FORWARD AND BACK TRANSLATION, AND REVIEW AND RECONCILIATION WITH PLUS-M DEVELOPERS. COGNITIVE INTERVIEWS ARE PLANNED.

 

RUSSIAN (INFORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION AND VERIFICATION: Ana-Maria Belova, Dmitri Danylchenko, and Garibyan Tigran

 

JAPANESE (FORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION , REVIEW, AND REVISION: Geoffrey Balkman, CPO; Soshi Samejima, DPT; and David Aoki (Review and revision by: Kazuhiro Sakai, CPO; Toshiki Kobayashi, PhD; Noriaki Maeda, PhD; and Masanori Shimamura, CPO)

BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE (FORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION , REVIEW, AND REVISION: Beatriz Bregantin Pinheiro, PT; Larissa Lavoura Balbi, PT; Maira Stéfanie de Castro Pereira; Ana Regina de Souza Bavaresco Barros, PT, MS; Marisa de Cassia Registro Fonseca, PT, PhD

CROATIAN (INFORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION AND VERIFICATION: Vjera Horvatin Brliæ and Milana Mileusnic, PhD

ARABIC (INFORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION AND VERIFICATION: Divine Maalouf, PhD; Moaz Tobaigy; and Majd Jarrar, MS, PhC, OT

TAMIL (INFORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION AND VERIFICATION: B.B. Mohanty, Chandra Babu, and Raja Mohamed

 

TURKISH (FORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION AND VALIDATIION TESTING: Sevgin Yosmaoğlu, PT, MSc; Dicle Uludag; H. Baran Yosmaoglu PT, PhD; Aslı Bahadırlı Talbott (Review by: Gül Yazıcıoglu (Şener) PT, PhD; Deha Doğan, PhD; and H. Baran Yosmaoglu PT, PhD)

 

NEPALI (FORMAL TRANSLATION)
Short Form Users Guide (v1.2)	7-Item Short Form (v1.2)	12-Item Short Form (v1.2)
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR TRANSLATION AND VALIDATIION TESTING: Translation team: Amit Bajracharya, MSc, CPO; Nibha Bajracharya, PT, MPT; Amrita Lama, CPO; Riju Maharjan, PT, BPT; Rupa Shrestha; Reviewers: Dikshya Joshi, MS, CTVS; Nistha Shrestha, PT, MPT; Shailija Sharma, MOT); Kamala Gnawali Pokhrel, MA, MPhil; Project advisors: Sirirat Seng-iad, CPO, MA; Gary Guerra PhD; Kazuhiko Sasaki, PhD

Note: The PLUS-M™ users guide and short forms are PDF files. Viewing PDF files may require Adobe Acrobat Reader or another PDF viewer.

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